Cairo Capital of Egypt Geography and Facts

Cairo is the capital of the north African country of Egypt. It is one of the largest cities in the world and it is the largest in Africa. Cairo is known as being a very densely populated city as well as being the center of Egypts culture and politics. It is also located near some of the most famous remnants of Ancient Egypt like the Pyramids of Giza.Cairo, as well as other large Egyptian cities, has been in the news due to protests and civil unrest that began in late January 2011. On January 25, over 20,000 protesters entered the streets of Cairo. They were likely inspired by the recent revolts in Tunisia and were protesting Egypts government. The protests continued for several weeks and hundreds were killed and/or wounded as both anti and pro-government demonstrators clashed. Eventually, in mid-February 2011 Egypts president, Hosni Mubarak, stepped down from office as a result of the protests. 10 Facts About Cairo 1) Because present-day Cairo is located near the Nile River, it has long been settled. In the 4th century,  for example, Romans built a fortress down on the banks of the river called Babylon. In 641, Muslims took control of the area and moved its capital from Alexandria to the new, growing city of Cairo. At this time it was called Fustat and the region became a center of Islam. In 750,  though, the capital was moved slightly north of Fustat but by the 9th century, it was moved back. 2) In 969, the Egypt-area was taken from Tunisia and a new city was built north of Fustat to serve as its capital. The city was called Al-Qahira, which translates to Cairo. Shortly after its construction, Cairo was to become the center of education for the area. Despite Cairos growth,  however, most of Egypts governmental functions were in Fustat. In 1168, though the Crusaders entered Egypt and Fustat was intentionally burned down to prevent the destruction of Cairo. At that time, Egypts capital was then moved to Cairo and by 1340 its population had grown to nearly 500,000 and it was a growing trading center. 3) Cairos growth began to slow beginning in 1348 and lasting into the early 1500s due to the outbreak of numerous plagues and the discovery of a sea route around the Cape of Good Hope, which allowed European spice traders to avoid Cairo on their routes east. In addition in 1517, the Ottomans took control of Egypt and Cairos political power diminished as government functions were mainly conducted in Istanbul. In the 16th and 17th centuries,  however, Cairo grew geographically as the Ottomans worked to expand the citys borders out from Citadel that was constructed near the citys center. 4) In the mid-to late 1800s, Cairo began to modernize and in 1882 the British entered the region and economic center of Cairo moved closer to the Nile. Also at that time, 5% of Cairos population was European and from 1882 to 1937, its total population grew to over one million. In 1952 however, much of Cairo was burned in a series of riots and anti-government protests. Shortly thereafter, Cairo began to again grow rapidly and today its city population is over six million, while its metropolitan population is over 19 million. In addition, several new developments have been built nearby as satellite cities of Cairo. 5) As of 2006 Cairos population density was 44,522 people per square mile (17,190 people per sq km). This makes it one of the most densely populated cities in the world. Cairo suffers from traffic and high levels of air and water pollution. However, its metro is one of the busiest in the world and it is the only one in Africa. 6) Today Cairo is the economic center of Egypt and much of the Egypts industrial products are either created in the city or pass through it on the Nile River. Despite its economic success, its rapid growth has meant that city services and infrastructure cannot keep up with demand. As a result, many of the buildings and roads in Cairo are very new. 7) Today, Cairo the center of the Egyptian education system and there are a large number of universities in or near the city. Some of the largest are Cairo University, the American University in Cairo and Ain Shams University. 8) Cairo is located in the northern part of Egypt about 100 miles (165 km) from the Mediterranean Sea. It is also about 75 miles (120 km) from the Suez Canal. Cairo is also located along the Nile River and the citys total area is 175 square miles (453 sq km). Its metropolitan area, which includes nearby satellite cities, extends to 33,347 square miles (86,369 sq km). 9) Because the Nile, like all rivers, has shifted its path over the years, there are parts of the city that are very close to the water, while others are farther away. Those closest to the river are Garden City, Downtown Cairo,  and Zamalek. In addition, prior to the 19th century, Cairo was highly susceptible to annual flooding. At that time, dams and levees were constructed to protect the city. Today the Nile is shifting westward and portions of the city are actually getting farther from the river. 10) The climate of Cairo is desert but it can also get very humid due to the proximity of the Nile River. Wind storms are also common and dust from the Sahara Desert can pollute the air in March and April. Precipitation from rainfall is sparse but when it does occur, flash flooding is not uncommon. The average July high temperature for Cairo is 94.5ËšF (35ËšC) and the average January low is 48ËšF (9ËšC). Sources: CNN Wire Staff. Egypts Tumult, Day-by-Day. CNN.com. Retrieved from: http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/africa/02/05/egypt.protests.timeline/index.htmlWikipedia.org.  Cairo - Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo

Essay on Summer Reading - 756 Words

To follow a life of success, happiness, and fulfillment will always begin by observing ourselves, from finding inner peace, figuring out your purpose, and pursuing it through hard work with the passion to commit in to our goal that will shape up our life. Without persistence and hard work it is impossible to succeed. A life without direction could lead to a path of uncertainty and without contentment. Also a life without inner peace is a life without true happiness. To follow a life of success, happiness, and fulfillment will always begin by observing ourselves, from finding inner peace, figuring out your purpose, and pursuing it through hard work with the passion to commit in to our goal that will shape up our life. Without persistence†¦show more content†¦Have you ever felt that as you become developed and enlightened as your life progress you still felt that something is missing? As for what Guy Montag felt from Ray Bradbury’s novel Fahrenheit 451, having a complet e life and a honorable profession as a fireman (burns books), he felt that there is something missing in his life, it is the books that his society wanted to be burned out, he finally found his true purpose, it is to memorize the books he have read to rewrite it in to their future for the good of humanity along with other book people. Learning that we must have a purpose that we need to realize it and achieve it. Our true purpose is to follow what we want to do, not to try to fit in other’s mask but to only wear our own; it is to find out our own dream and goals to start our own journey towards success, happiness, and fulfillment in life. Once we figure out what we really want to do, we find ourselves to feel that we are going to the right direction and know that once we get to our destination we will be satisfied in life with clarity. To be contented in life we must discover what we really desired to do, it is also essential to find our happiness. Living the life today has a lways been difficult as for waking up early in the morning to go to work or school, arguments with a stranger or sibling, or just personal concerns. 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Throughout his boyhood, heRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Summer Reading Assignment 1964 Words   |  8 PagesSummer Reading Assignment Introduction Summary: This book was created alongside History Channel s documentary series of the same topic. Even though they contain the same material, it is presented differently in both sources. While the documentary tends to focus on each day by itself, the book draws themes to tie together ten days in American history that changed the future of the nation. This book tries to bring to light the days in American history that are undervalued, in exchange for the largeRead MoreU.s. History Honors Summer Reading2423 Words   |  10 PagesU.S. History Honors Summer Reading 1. According to Ellis’s preface, explain what is so phenomenal about the founding of the United States? According to Ellis it is phenomenal that the United States decided to rule as a Republic. 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The Journey free essay sample

Garth Brooks and Victoria Shaws The River, illustrates the everyday struggles that a person copes with and the journey of life one takes to reach an unknown destination. In the opening stanza the first two lines, You know a dream is like a river/ Ever changin as it flows implies that one always faces obstacles that alter the path one takes to achieve his/her goals. Many people become content with life too early and †¦sit upon the shoreline, only to wish they stayed on the river once the dream they now have is too far away. Of course, theres bound to be rough waters, but that is a fact one must accept; realizing that as long as they put their faith in the good Lord, obstacles will no longer be a constant battle, resulting in failure. So sailing the vessel Til the river runs dry is the most important advice that one can follow to reach their destination, even though their dream is constantly changing. We will write a custom essay sample on The Journey or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page

Saskatchewan Essays (423 words) - Saskatchewan, Saskatoon

Saskatchewan Saskatchewan Saskatchewan is a land of resources, wealth, and beauty. It's name is derived from a Cree word meaning ?rapid river?. Land Saskatchewan is 651,900 sq. km. in area, half of it is forests, and one third of it is cultivated lands. In southern Saskatchewan average temperatures range from 0-65 degrees farenheight. In Northern Saskatchewan temperatures range from 23-57 degrees farenheight. Grayling, trout, pike, and pickeral are found in the northern lakes, while mule, deer, elk, moose, and long tail deer are found in the north. People Saskatchewan has a population of about one million people. It's largest cities are Moose Jaw, Prince Albert, Regina, and Saskatoon. Saskatchewan is the only province that doesn't have a majority of French or British background. There are large segements of Scandanavian, German, and Ukrainian. Plus about 70,000 natives live in the province. Saskatchewan's largest religious groups are the Lutheran, the Anglican denominations, and the Roman catholic. Government Saskatchewan's government consists of a lieutenant govener (Sylvia O. Fedoruk), a premier (Roy Romanow and New Democratic party), a parliament (6 senate members, 10 new democrats, and 4 conservatives), and a provincial legistator (64 members). Saskatchewan was admitted to the confederation on Sept.1, 1905 with Alberta, the eighth and ninth provinces. Saskatchewan politics were dominated by the liberal party from 1905 to 1944, when the CCF defeated them, they ruled until 1964, when the liberals were returned to power. The new democratic party won, the Progressive Conservatives defeated CCF in 1982, but regained power in 1991. History Tribes of Algonquin, Siouan, and Athapaskan were the first known people in Saskatchewan. Charles 11 gave Prince Rupert's Land to the Hudson Bay Company in 1670. About 1690 the first European visitor came to the area, his name was Henery Kelsey. Homesteading was encouraged by the transfer of Prince Rupert's Land and the completion of a rail link to central Canada in the 1880s. Rapid growth associated with agricultual settlement led to the creation of Saskatchewan. In 1921 Saskatchewan's population was ranked just behind Quebec and Ontario. The Saskatchewan Wheat Pool, started in 1924, is still in business and continues to dominate farm marketing there. Natural Resources Saskatchewan has many natural resources. Petroleum and coal are being developed rapidly, Saskatchewan's potash reserves are among the world's largest. The rivers have abundent hydro-electric power, and the rich soils and northern forests are major resources for the province. The province has 14,000 oil wells that produce 12% of Canada's oil output. Saskatchewan mainly produces oil, uranium, potash, coal, and lumber. By Noah Reed Brod Geography

History of the X-Ray

History of the X-Ray All light and radio waves belong to the electromagnetic spectrum and are all considered different types of electromagnetic waves, including: microwaves and infrared bands whose waves are longer than those of visible light (between radio and the visible)and UV, EUV, X-rays, and g-rays (gamma rays) with shorter wavelengths. The electromagnetic nature of x-rays became evident when it was found that crystals bent their path in the same way as gratings bent visible light: the orderly rows of atoms in the crystal acted like the grooves of a grating. Medical X-rays X-rays are capable of penetrating some thickness of matter. Medical x-rays are produced by letting a stream of fast electrons come to a sudden stop at a metal plate; it is believed that X-rays emitted by the Sun or stars also come from fast electrons. The images produced by X-rays are due to the different absorption rates of different tissues. Calcium in bones absorbs X-rays the most, so bones look white on a film recording of the X-ray image, called a radiograph. Fat and other soft tissues absorb less and look gray. Air absorbs the least, so lungs look black on a radiograph. Wilhelm Conrad Rà ¶ntgen - First X-ray On 8 Nov 1895, Wilhelm Conrad Rà ¶ntgen (accidentally) discovered an image cast from his cathode ray generator, projected far beyond the possible range of the cathode rays (now known as an electron beam). Further investigation showed that the rays were generated at the point of contact of the cathode ray beam on the interior of the vacuum tube, that they were not deflected by magnetic fields, and they penetrated many kinds of matter. A week after his discovery, Rontgen took an X-ray photograph of his wifes hand which clearly revealed her wedding ring and her bones. The photograph electrified the general public and aroused great scientific interest in the new form of radiation. Rà ¶ntgen named the new form of radiation X-radiation (X standing for Unknown). Hence the term X-rays (also referred as Rà ¶ntgen rays, though this term is unusual outside of Germany). William Coolidge X-Ray Tube William Coolidge invented the X-ray tube popularly called the Coolidge tube. His invention revolutionized the generation of X-rays and is the model upon which all X-ray tubes for medical applications are based. Other inventions of Coolidge: invention of ductile tungsten A breakthrough in tungsten applications was made by W. D. Coolidge in 1903. Coolidge succeeded in preparing a ductile tungsten wire by doping tungsten oxide before reduction. The resulting metal powder was pressed, sintered and forged to thin rods. A Very thin wire was then drawn from these rods. This was the beginning of tungsten powder metallurgy, which was instrumental in the rapid development of the lamp industry - International Tungsten Industry Association (ITIA) A computed tomography scan or CAT-scan uses  X-rays  to create images of the body.  However, a radiograph (x-ray) and a  CAT-scan  show different types of information. An x-ray is a two-dimensional picture and a CAT-scan is three-dimensional. By imaging and looking at several three-dimensional slices of a body (like slices of bread) a doctor could not only tell if a tumor is  present but roughly how deep it is in the body. These slices are no less than 3-5 mm apart. The newer spiral (also called helical) CAT-scan takes continuous pictures of the body in a spiral  motion so that there are no gaps in the pictures collected. A CAT-scan can be three dimensional because the information about how much of the X-rays are passing through a body is collected not just on a flat piece of film, but on a computer. The data from a CAT-scan can then be computer-enhanced to be more sensitive than a plain radiograph. Inventor of the Cat-scan Robert Ledley was the inventor of CAT-Scans a diagnostic x-Ray system. Robert Ledley was granted patent #3,922,552 on November 25th in 1975 for a diagnostic X-ray systems also known as CAT-Scans.

Free Essays on Hotels

Within the hotel industry there are different classes which determine the price and the kind of people that stay there. You have you high end hotels such as Hilton, Sheraton and Wingate, and then you also have your lower end hotels such as Super Eight and Red Roof Inn. For my observations I chose to research the Wingate Inn and the Red Roof Inn, there are a few distinct difference between the two which let you know which is the more higher end hotel. The Wingate Inn focuses on trying to gain business from other businesses; they focus around making the lives of business travelers easier. The Wingate has 84 rooms, fitness center, and indoor pool, high speed internet connection in each room, a business center and many other things to make the business traveler’s life a lot easier. When it comes to Budgeting for advertising and marketing the Wingate had billboards and newspaper ads, but the most of their business and advertising comes from the internet. Out of the total revenue 3 1/2 – 4% go towards advertising order to find the best person for the job. Being a business oriented hotel, the main programs that they offer are conferences, in which are held by different companies in their conference rooms. They have a fitness center which is used by guest but do not offer any programs for that. They are always open to host a wedding or a reception though; it’s a nice change from the normal business conference. This differs from the Red Roof Inn, in that the Red Roof Inn does not offer have of the amenities that the Wingate does. The Wingate being a higher end hotel has an indoor pool, conference rooms, and has more disposable income to spend on things such as advertising and different programs to keep its clientele happy. When someone is chooseing a place to stay they normally choose on price and things that a hotel have to offer. But then other just chose a hotel because of where it is and how easy it will be to get back on the roa... Free Essays on Hotels Free Essays on Hotels Within the hotel industry there are different classes which determine the price and the kind of people that stay there. You have you high end hotels such as Hilton, Sheraton and Wingate, and then you also have your lower end hotels such as Super Eight and Red Roof Inn. For my observations I chose to research the Wingate Inn and the Red Roof Inn, there are a few distinct difference between the two which let you know which is the more higher end hotel. The Wingate Inn focuses on trying to gain business from other businesses; they focus around making the lives of business travelers easier. The Wingate has 84 rooms, fitness center, and indoor pool, high speed internet connection in each room, a business center and many other things to make the business traveler’s life a lot easier. When it comes to Budgeting for advertising and marketing the Wingate had billboards and newspaper ads, but the most of their business and advertising comes from the internet. Out of the total revenue 3 1/2 – 4% go towards advertising order to find the best person for the job. Being a business oriented hotel, the main programs that they offer are conferences, in which are held by different companies in their conference rooms. They have a fitness center which is used by guest but do not offer any programs for that. They are always open to host a wedding or a reception though; it’s a nice change from the normal business conference. This differs from the Red Roof Inn, in that the Red Roof Inn does not offer have of the amenities that the Wingate does. The Wingate being a higher end hotel has an indoor pool, conference rooms, and has more disposable income to spend on things such as advertising and different programs to keep its clientele happy. When someone is chooseing a place to stay they normally choose on price and things that a hotel have to offer. But then other just chose a hotel because of where it is and how easy it will be to get back on the roa...

Compare Vygotsky's and Feuersteins contributions to Educational Essay

Compare Vygotsky's and Feuersteins contributions to Educational Learning - Essay Example Building therefore on this base, Vygotsky developed a theory in which society and culture contribute to the learning process of children and is in large part responsible for their learning. Feuerstein's great contribution has usually been to operationalize the concepts propounded by Vygotsky. Such components as sociocultural mediation and the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD), identified by Vygotsky, have been further developed and probed by the capable instruments created by Feuerstein for enhancement of mediated learning. The theories of social and cultural mediation as propounded by Vygotsky and Feuerstein will be explored in this essay. It will also consider the ZPD and the instruments that have been developed to enhance learning using these theories. Vygotsky argues that children develop higher levels of cognition through the mediation that occurs in a social context. Lower mental processes are genetic and instinctive; they come naturally to an individual. The higher mental processes, on the other hand, are definitive of a cognitive stage unique in man as a species through which he is able to distance himself from the world and, through the use of various symbols and in conjunction with other men, abstractly manipulate its contents to extract and develop his knowledge and understanding of them (Panofsky, 2003). Because of the meaning these higher mental functions have for society, and because they exist before (and independent of) the individual, they must be learned through mediation. This means that higher levels of cognition are necessarily mediated by society, and it is only once a lesson is learned on the societal level that it becomes internalised and manifests itself on a psychological level. Social agents of mediation ta ke a variety of forms and provide the learner with access to what has been given a variety of names ranging from psychological, to cultural or cognitive tools (Smagorinski). How a human person acts within a given society is dependent on the forms and qualities of interactions available to him as a model. If adequate mediation is provided, learning occurs; if not, learning suffers. This theory then goes on to describe the child and/or learner as limited in his or her ability to acquire knowledge when left on his own. What a child is able to perform when placed in a social setting is almost invariably more than that which he or she is able to do alone, and this additional capability gives the educator an idea of the child's potential (Salomon and Perkins, 1998). This potential (denoted by Vygotsky as the Zone of Proximal Development) cannot be realised, however, unless learning is mediated by another in a social setting. Feuerstein also advocated the theory of mediation in learning. He developed the cognitive map which denotes the dimensions of cognition, and contributed to the mediation theory by formulating an operation that delineates the different stages and participants in the mediation process. The Mediated Learning Experience (MLE) he defined as "The quality of interaction directed towards ensuring meaningful learning by parents, teachers, caregivers and peers, interposed between the child and the stimuli they receive" (Feuerstein). It was his idea that these social mediators